laceds@hotmail.com essays

laceds@hotmail.com expositions Subsequent to watching a film that endeavored to depict the inheritance of Christopher Columbus, I have arrived at my very own decisions with respect to his accomplishments, or, all the more fittingly, misfortunes. Despite the fact that it is genuine Columbus started a trade of instruction in issues of nourishments, societies, dialects and wars, the methods by which he had the option to get riches while westernizing the new world can vigorously be viewed as suitable or commendable. Driven by his desire for new assets, land, influence and riches, Columbus was both savagely aggressive and excessively decided. To such an extent, that upon his landing in San Salvador, he would not accept the aboriginals when they uncovered he showed up on an island. In his obliviousness he kept on accepting he was in Asia, tending to them as Indians. Being that Columbus was not of honorable blood, he needed to persuade Ferdinand and Isabella his excursion would benefit them, making void vows to find secondary passage course to the wealth of Asia Cathay. With these cases he picked up help from the rulers, while he likewise got strict sponsorship from the Catholic Church by utilizing religion as an appearance to seek after his eager wants. It is amazingly unexpected that Columbus figures out how to pick up sponsorship from the two super-forces of his time, Church and state. His strategies werent such regular; one just needs to look to the past to see where he picked up his knowledge. Over and over pioneers accomplished their riches by taking it from the poor of the land by unfairness and misleading (guilty pleasures, for instance) and by merciless raising duties on the serfs (poor of the land) and extricating more cash through the savageries of the primitive framework. Columbus only copied past triumphs in would like to of accompli shing his quest for riches and influence. Columbus' ravenousness was clearly a propelling component as he was guaranteed benefit, yet in addition the title of, 'Chief of naval operations.' ... <!

Dutchman summary essays

Dutchman outline articles LeRoi Jones Duchman was first introduced at The Cherry Lane Theater, New York City on March 24, 1964. Dutchman happens in the flying underbelly of the city in a metro train. It is about a contention between middleclass dark male and a flirtitious white ladies. LeRoi Jones primary spotlight is on racial segregation and racial contempt. Multi year old Clay, a Black man is riding the train. The train delayed sooner or later, Clay trade a grin with an obscure face on the stage and afterward began perusing his magzine once more. At that point train thunders, Lula Thirty-year-old tall, excellent ladies enters the train. She stops close to Clay and sits down close to him[Clay]. Earth is the agent of the osmosis looked by numerous individuals of the dark working class through white resembles Lula. She appears to loathe Clay, clarifying him that he has a type she has frequently observed. She surmises that he has a dark companion named Warren Enright with fake english emphasize and She likewis e remarks on his dress by addressing him that what right you must be wearing a three-button suit and stripped tie, your granddad was a slave, he did'nt go to Harvard. Lula demands Clay that she knows reality with regards to him that his garments won't shroud his obscurity. He can't be liberated from legacy of subjection and she can't be liberated from the legacy of mistreatment. Lula direct the progression of discussion all through the main portion of the play. Simply after Clay express a sexual intreast in Lula, she fall quiet. In scene two Clay become increasingly Black. Lula was moving in the walkway, you middleclass charlatan. you would-be Christian. you ain't no niger, you're only a messy white man. Earth at long last answer her back. He slap her over her mouth as hard as possible. Dirt realize that it is crazy to hide his obscurity, it is possible that he can proceed with his craziness in this white world or he can releive his madness by murder. Yet, he decides to s ... <!

Women And Architecture- Example

Women And Architecture- Example Women And Architecture- â€" Essay Example > 12 June 2006Women in Architecture: Living on the MarginOften time’s people in society have to rely on what has been designed and deemed acceptable to reside in by means of a building code. However, this does not necessarily mean that an individual is fully satisfied with their living environment. For instance, the exterior of a building might be quite pleasing to the eye but the interior of it might not meet the tastes of the individual who is considering buying it as a personal property. This could be in regards to a house, apartment, or even a personal office environment. For example as Friedan (1963) points out in her writing, women want a space that is going to resemble a sense of femininity to them due to the inequality that they have to face in the outside environment. Therefore, there are times when women feel wholly dissatisfied with the structure that they have to occupy, even though they have no actual control over it. In this regard they are viewed as outsiders occupy ing space built to suit someone else’s tastes but there are ways that they can change their personal dwelling. Women did have the ability to be able to remodel their homes, whether they had to hire an interior decorator or not. Friedan (1963) explains that women could transport themselves by simply moving items around in the home or having a different kitchen design done, such as ones with murals and pleasing color blends for the walls and cabinets. This alone could make an outsider feel like someone who designed their very own home because they devised the ideas and plans regardless of whether or not someone else did the work. Rendell, (1996)states that women have different creative designs from men, so this could very well be a reason why some women do not feel comfortable in a home that does not appear feminine enough to them, or lacks certain feministic qualities as well. This can’t be denied as throughout the period of time that women initially began entering into archite cture there have been noticeable differences between the genders in the skills and qualities that develop in the design phase. It has been realized that many women are more satisfied with a home that has been designed by a woman instead of a man. This is stated to be the case because women are more in tune to each others needs and women architects build based on these very aspects of female life in society. Even Susan Torre (1996) points out that women are fast becoming economic consumers therefore architects have to build to the needs and desires of these women if they are going to bring in any revenue at all. Therefore, if women aren’t content with a house that they live in then they can have it changed themselves, they don’t have to go solely by what an architect says, especially a male architect. This scenario is not so variant from how women really feel about their personal homes or offices. They want to change it yet at times don’t know how. The point is, it doesn’t matter if an individual is viewed as an outsider or not, a living space can be faceted to fit any person’s individual tastes even after it is already built. For instance, walls can be knocked down to add a window cubicle for a female to sit and read and enjoy the warm rays of sun. Another wall can be compressed back to allow for an entry way to develop from a foyer into a living room, if that is a preference. Architecture was meant to be flexible so there could always be changes made to a structure later on.

What Are Applied and Clinical Sociology

Applied and clinical sociology are the practical counterparts to academic sociology, because they involve applying the knowledge and insights developed within the field of sociology to solve real world problems. Applied and clinical sociologists are trained in the theory and research methods of the discipline, and they draw on its research to identify problems in a community, group, or experienced by an individual, and then they create strategies and practical interventions designed to eliminate or reduce the problem. Clinical and applied sociologists work in fields including community organizing, physical and mental health, social work, conflict intervention and resolution, community and economic development, education, market analysis, research, and social policy. Often, a sociologist works both as an academic (a professor) and in clinical or applied settings. Extended Definition According to Jan Marie Fritz, who wrote The Development of the Field of Clinical Sociology, clinical sociology was first described in print by Roger Strauss in 1930, in a medical context, and further elaborated by Louis Wirth in 1931. Courses were taught on the subject by sociology faculty in the U.S. throughout the twentieth century, but it was not until the 1970s that books on it appeared, written by those now considered experts on the topic, including Roger Strauss, Barry Glassner, and Fritz, among others. However, the theory and practice of these subfields of sociology are rooted firmly in the early works of Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, and Karl Marx, consider among the founders of the discipline. Fritz points out that noted early American sociologist, scholar of race, and activist, W.E.B. Du Bois was both an academic and a clinical sociologist. In his discussion of the development of the field, Fritz lays out the principles for being a clinical or applied sociologist. They are as follows. Translate social theory into practical use for the benefit of others.Practice critical self-reflection about ones use of theory and its affect on ones work.Offer a useful theoretical perspective to those one works with.Understand how social systems work in order to successfully work within them to address social problems, and change those systems when necessary.Work on multiple levels of analysis: individual, small groups, organizations, communities, societies, and the world.Help identify social problems and their solutions.Choose and execute the best research methods to understand a problem and respond positively to it.Create and implement interventionist processes and practices that effectively address the problem. In his discussion of the field, Fritz also points out that the focus of clinical and applied sociologists should ultimately be on the social systems that surround our lives. While people might experience problems in their lives as personal and individual--what C. Wright Mills referred to as personal troubles--sociologists know that those are most often connected to larger public issues, per Mills. So an effective clinical or applied sociologist will always be thinking about how a social system and the institutions that compose it--like education, media, or government, for example--can be changed to reduce or eliminate the problems in question. Today sociologists who wish to work in clinical or applied settings can earn a certification from the Association for Applied and Clinical Sociology (AACS). This organization also lists accredited undergraduate and graduate programs where one can earn a degree in these fields. And, the American Sociological Association hosts a section (research network) on Sociological Practice and Public Sociology. Those wishing to learn more about clinical and applied sociology should refer to leading books on the topics, including  Handbook of Clinical Sociology, and  International Clinical Sociology. Interested students and researchers will also find useful the Journal of Applied Social Science  (published by AACS),  Clinical Sociology Review  (published from 1982 to 1998 and archived online),  Advances in Applied Sociology, and  International Journal of Applied Sociology

Ethical Decisions in Business Essay - 2256 Words

Throughout the ages businesses have developed through technological advancements and innovative ideas but there has always been a common struggle that they are faced with, ethical decisions. Everywhere we look there is some level of ethical deterioration (Norman V. Peale, 1988), immoral millions made through inside trading information, a day hardly passes without the head of some major organisation who has been involved in some aspect of an ethical dilemma. This essay will break down why businesses struggle with ethical decisions but before examining such a sensitive issue we must understand what an ethical decision really is. Within the process of decision making, ethics are the personal standards of right and wrong. They become the basis†¦show more content†¦The element of outcome is an influencing factor in how ethical decisions are made, the theorists of fifty years ago such as Levitt(1958) and Friedman(1962) shared the view that the only outcome that is valuable to anal yse is whether the business made a profit or not (Gà ¶ran Svenssona, 2009). This is the approach many businesses still take to an extent today and is a reason for the struggle with ethical decisions and especially now with the arrival of such things as corporate social responsibility and corporate governance which point out the shift in the modern day business world. In order to apply some degree of sustainability into their everyday practises, businesses must work at becoming a good corporate citizen for long-term viability in their particular field so that their negative business reputation does not affect their dealings in the future. The question is does becoming a good corporate citizen conflict with the performance of the business. This is debateable, whichever way you turn there are arguments to be had and instances where profits could be made at the detriment of human ethics. Looking at this idea it becomes clear that making ethical decisions is increasingly difficult as i n some cases businesses must choose what they see as the greater importance and what they value more, profits and a successful business or human ethics. In business, the conflict betweenShow MoreRelatedEthical Decision Making in Business639 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween the demands of the workplace and those of their families and other personal responsibilities. In a bid to meet targets and other organizational goals and objectives, business executives in addition to traveling extensively also tend to dedicate long hours to office work. Discussion When analyzing situations from an ethical perspective, one is likely to be confronted by a number of questions. For instance, which criteria should one use to differentiate between dehumanizing actions and actionsRead MoreEthical Decision Making In Business1169 Words   |  5 Pageswrong when a conflict arises, but it is our moral responsibility to resolve the dilemmas to the best of our ability. This paper is going to explore the topic of ethical decision-making and establish ground rules for the process and analyze possible ethical implications that may arise. What are the ground rules? Making an ethical decision, at times, can be extremely difficult, as emotions tend to hinder ones judgment. For example, if a husband came upon his wife being beat to death, his first impulseRead More Ethical and Moral Decisions in Business Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesEthical and Moral Decisions in Business Ethics alone tend to be defined as a moral code of conduct that is perceived to be the right thing to do. An ethical decision means doing what is right, as apposed to assessing the most profitable course of action. In the past, free market ideology was that corporations were kept responsible to customers, shareholders, workers and society by customer and investor behavior, seen in share price. Millions of individual â€Å"voters†Read MoreEthical Decision Making : Business Ethics And Social Responsibility1295 Words   |  6 Pages Ethical Decision-Making De’Ambre Zanders OMM640: Business Ethics and Social Responsibility (MOH1616A) Instructor: Dr. Maja Zelihic May 1, 2016 Abstract In any type of business, ethical decision-making is usually at the forefront of company operations. It shapes the foundation of a company and gives employees a moral compass as to what is expected of them ethically. Ethical-decision making prevents individuals from profiting from their own personal methods, while representingRead MoreWeek 8 - Making Ethical Decisions in Business2222 Words   |  9 Pagesunconventional. Beginning with its founder, Jack Ma, who gained global celebrity status these past 10 days, as his image became ubiquitous on business news channels and media outlets across America. We got to know Jack Ma before the onslaught, beginning over a year ago in China, where he talked with us about his relationship with the Chinese government, and his unorthodox business philosophy, which surprisingly, gives shareholders almost no say over how he runs the company. Jack Ma: If you want to invest inRead MoreEssay on Chapter 6 Business Ethics and Ethical Decision Making1278 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantages and disadvantages of each decision that Elaine has made. a. 1st decision Graphic, Inc. loan of $10 million. Graphco was a tobacco firm embroiled in litigation concerning the promotion of its products to children. Elaine based her decision by Moral Philosophies which refers to the specific principals or rules that people use to decide what is right or wrong (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, Ninth Edition Business Ethics, p 153). The advantage to this decision is she did what she felt was morallyRead MoreBusiness Ethics, The `` Gray `` : Ethical Theories That Will Make The Decision Easier For Her Dilemma1103 Words   |  5 PagesIn business ethics, the â€Å"gray† areas are the toughest aspects that don’t have a clear right or wrong answer, but the reaction of the other party can have a potential negative impact on the business itself. Ethically, Jill will want to avoid the negative consequences as much as possible to avoid a conflict with William Potter and Henry. Objectively reviewing Henry delegated from William to Jill wil l have huge implications as the review moves forth. In making the decision, Jill will answer the questionRead MoreEthics in the Workplace1201 Words   |  5 PagesClassical and Contemporary Ethical Philosophies Ethical philosophies served as guide for people in the workplace to make moral decisions in conducting business. There are classical normative ethical philosophies as well as contemporary ethical philosophies being used. They have been applied in the different levels or dimensions of the business organizations. People do know that there are business organizations that have disregarded ethical standards and encounters ethical issues inside their companyRead MoreEthics and Profits of an Organization843 Words   |  3 Pagesorganization that is business oriented is in place to realize profits. Most of the corporations in the United States that are in existence were started on the basis of profit making. This means that the main reason why the corporations exist is so that the owners can get returns from their investment. Business ethics involves the application of ethics to business behavior and the decision making process in the business setting. The connection between business ethics and decision making comes aboutRead MoreMaking A Business Decision For Any Ceo Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesMaking a business decision for any CEO is easy, the main principle is to keep the shareholders happy by generating more revenue. The more money a company earns the more attractive it looks to the pote ntial investor. Now, from history, we have learned that every CEO is not created equal and some use bad business practices to earn more revenue. So, laws were created to set guidelines, companies started to use risk assessment to see if a decision would lead to any legal recourse that would make them

American Government And Politics The Melting Pot

America has always been referred to as a melting pot. According to The Dorsey Dictionary of American Government and Politics, a melting pot is a sociological term that â€Å"implies (1) that each succeeding wave of immigrants to the United States blends into the general society and (2) that this melting is ideally what should happen† (Shafrtiz 348). The term is originally from Israel Zangwill’s play The Melting-Pot. In this play, he wrote â€Å"America is God’s Crucible, the great Melting-Pot where all races of Europe are melting and reforming† (Shafritz 348). The term refers to the diversity of races, ethnicities, and cultures in America, as expressed by Israel Zangwill. However, within many cultures are subcultures, and America is not only a melting-pot of races, ethnicities, and cultures, but also of subcultures such as hip-hop. Culture has several, sometimes contradictory meanings, in which its uncertainty of a definition can be found in its different uses in history. Williams describes it as a Particular way of life which expressed certain meanings and values not only in art and learning, but also in institutions and ordinary behavior. The analysis of culture, from such a definition, is the clarification of the meanings and values implicit and explicit in a particular way of life, a particular culture (Brake 1). In this definition, culture is a way of life. In Swingewood’s definition, culture is the result of consumerism. He writes Consumer capitalism, rather than creating aShow MoreRelatedCultural Mosaic826 Words   |  4 Pagesrefer to this as the â€Å"melting pot† of the world because of how different we are from each other as well as how all of our different cultures interact with each other. Another term some use is there expression â€Å"cultural mosaic†, this phrase is used to describe the mix of ethnic group, languages and cultures that coexist within Canadian society. The idea of a cultural mosaic is intended to champion an ideal of multiculturalism, differently from other systems like the melting pot. Lebanon which was firstRead MoreCanadian Culture : What Distinguishes It From The American? Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesCanadian culture? What distinguishes it from the American? Culture is something that distinguishes one national or ethnic group from another, it is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular society, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Canada and the USA are the neighbor countries which located in the North America. At first glance they are very similar. People speak the same language, listen to the same music and wear the identicalRead MoreQuestions On Public Opinion On Demography And Census1477 Words   |  6 PagesDemography/Demographics Census Melting pot Minority majority Political culture Reapportionment Political socialization Sample Random sampling Sampling error Random-digit dialing Exit poll Political ideology Liberalism Conservatism Gender gap Political participation Protest Civil disobedience Other terms: Political Efficacy Libertarian Quota Sample Push Polls Bandwagon Effect Skewed Question Context Effect Question Framing Federal Census Know the difference between: Demography and census Melting pot and minorityRead MoreWhat Are You Going?1637 Words   |  7 Pagesa melting pot.† The term melting pot has been associated with the United States (US) because there are many cultures within the country which blend together to form a whole (cite book merino, noel). The United States melting pot theory could be argued as the very quality that makes it the greatest superpower of the world. The US has also been called a nation of immigrants because almost every citizen of the country has immigrant ancestry, with the exception of the Native Americans. OneRead MoreThe Impact of Culture on Politics1522 Words   |  7 PagesOld Dominion University | The Impact of Culture on Virginia Politics | POLS 311 | Geraldine Pearman 9-19-2015 | Geraldine Pearman Virginia History and Politics Dr. Pelletier Fall 2015 The Impact of Culture on Virginia Politics A culture can be defined as a way of life of a group of people- their behaviors, beliefs, values that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. It also includes the customs, arts, literature, morals/values and traditionsRead MoreI First Visited The Virtual Holocaust Museum Website And Researched The Bodies Of The Holocaust871 Words   |  4 Pageslooking into the cases mentioned on the website many of the cases are â€Å"racial profiling† against culture, religion and race. During the Holocaust the Nazis were a group that had wealth and power. According to Koppelman, during slavery, African Americans dead bodies were tossed overboard for the sharks to eat (pg106). From reading this example, the Nazis were torturing the Jews and throwing their lifeless bodies around. This site raises awareness about genocide and how it occurred during the HolocaustRead MoreA Closer Examination of Distinct American Groups from 1877 to19301032 Words   |   5 PagesAny serious examination of American history between the years 1877 and 1930 will show completely different experiences among a wide range of distinct groups. Our coursework has given us just a glimpse into the lives of some of these groups. They, among others really deserve a closer look During this time frame the population of the United States rose from approximately 50 million to 123 million people (History). This is an astonishing increase of 146%. Just as surprising is that immigrants toRead MoreThe Growing Population Of English Language Learners Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States has always been considered a â€Å"melting pot†, but how true is that statement now? While there is growing diversity among the population of the United States, the different people may not be blending together as well as they should. Many people are unaware of how many students are English language learners. According to authors Katharine Davies Samway and Denise McKeon, the largest growing group of students in our country is the language minority students (2007). There are many negativeRead MoreA Separation of Church and State Ensures our Individual Freedoms1129 Words   |  5 Pages Religion has no place in politics, therefore, church and state must remai n separate if we are to preserve our individual freedoms. The United States of America is a land of great diversity and a nation built on equality. In order to explore religion and politics in America, we must first begin with our countrys roots in 17th century Europe. At the time there was heavy conflict, over religion, involving the Catholics and the Protestants of England. They were two different religions, butRead MoreAmerican Identities And Ideals Of America Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Identities Ideals A question most fascinating to me is where in history does the first hint of American ideals and identities originate from? If we were to look at where the fiery passions of an American identity first arise we have to look to where the colonists first fought for their right to be a recognized citizen of America. American colonists formed their identity through the ideas of liberty, resistance to unfair British jurisdiction, and cultural diversity. Their identities formed

Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis Development †Free Sample

Questions: 1.There are three basic features that should be present in any theoretical framework. Discuss these features? 2.(i) Is there or are there any alternative approaches that would allow jesse to develop a conceptual model? (ii) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of undertaking a literature review to develop a model? (iii)Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approaches that you have come up with? 3.(i)label the variables of jesses conceptual model in terms of independent, dependent, moderating and /or mediating variables? (ii)Explain the general difference between the moderate and mediate variables? 4.Develop the relevant hypotheses based onJesses model (use directional hypotheses)? 5.(i)Provide a thorough evaluation of Jesses argument? (ii)Provide a better explanation of why we would expect these relationship to exist? Answers: 1. The basic features of theoretical framework are:- i- The factors which are considered to explain the study should be clearly discussed and labelled. The relationship between these factors and how they are interrelated. ii- Literature survey i.e the facts from the previous research and findings. iii- Graphical representation or schematic diagram of the theoretical framework that reader can easily understand what the researcher wants to represents. The theoretical framework is the comprehensive way of researcher how to show the facts about the study he is doing clearly and precisely. The proper labelling of the facts he wants to highlight about the study. Like if we take the example of the given topic of the social network, the proper framework of the study done is given with the help of the examples ofApple community, Harley Davidson community etc. how managers of the community attract the people and engage them with it. This help in dispersion of the various new ideas with community members. The discussion of the previously found facts and relating it with the newly found variables should be comprehensively shown in the theoretical framework. This will help the reader to have a keen look on labelled features. The most important feature in the theoretical framework is the graphical representation of schematic diagram representation of the variables which are discussed in the study. This is a clear picture which shows and helps the reader to comprehend the theoretical explanation of the variables. 2- a) As the study shows that jesse has only considered the literature survey of the online communities. There are some other ways in which jesse could develop the conceptual model. These are:- By collecting the real and practical facts by working on the subject .This would make the conceptual model more accurate and healthy. Comparing the real and literature survey features together could make the model quite attractive and effective. Filtering the facts which are highly discussed about the social media could make it nearest to accuracy. b) The following are the advantages and disadvantages of literature review:- Advantages :- Deep learning of the subject of research. Develop basic understanding of the subject. Ideas of the resources which we reuse for fact findings. Help reducing time consumption. Comprehensive look on previously found facts and the work done required at various stages of research. Disadvantages:- The literature review sometimes does not clear some factors in the variables. This cause wastage of time and resources. Proper guidance of the supervisors is required to every researcher especially for the inexperienced students (Garrett, 2010).. It is time consuming for teachers to provide feedback and correct them where they are wrong. c) The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approach:- Advantages:- By collecting the real practical facts by doing it yourself will make the previously found facts more exact and near to accuracy. It increase the practical experience of the researcher and build its confidence to explain the things in more better way. It easily differentiate between the practically found by itself and previously found facts. Disadvantages:- It increase the time consumption where facts are not clear. Without proper guidance of the supervisor or teacher the researcher may got confused sometimes. 3.a) The following are the variables of jesses conceptual model:- Independent variables:- In the independent variables , it consist of two variables which are considered:- Informational value:- The information about the subject is taken by researcher on its own. It is totally independent which topic to choose and where to take information about it. Self discovery value:-The discovery of the certain facts about the subject is the outcome of the independent research done on it (Garrett, 2010). So these variables are totally independent variables. Dependent variables:- In the dependent variables, it consists of two variables which are considered as follows:- Social interactivity value:-The increase in the knowledge about the subject is done by social interactivity at the social media sites. Likewise if we take the examples of apple community and Harley Davidson riders community. These are brands community where people get to know about various things about their devices and bikes by interacting with the members of the community. So it dependent on the knowledge which you get by interaction with social websites. Social enhancement value:-The eagerness to enhance the knowledge about the subject , researcher try to meet various people to know about it and social media help in enhancing the knowledge by getting into touch with outside community people. This increase the dependency on the social sites and social life of the people. Moderating or mediating variables:- In this also there are two variables considered according to jesses conceptual model:- Entertainment value:-The entertainment provided by social websites eventually increase the usage of the social networking sites. Actually entertainment value is different from other social networking sites because in this we can stream live on various things, playing games, online challenges and etc.(e.g:-dholakia,bagozzi,mckenna and bargh 1997) experiences with functionality, and different people i.e it basically maintains relationship with other users. Reward value:- Many social websites increase the attraction by offering rewards on various things . This increase the social involvement of the people. This means that it plays a moderate part of the conceptual model. 3.b) The following are the differences between the moderate and the mediate variables:- Moderators:- Moderator variable is basically a qualitative and quantitative (like reward level) variable. Like if we talk about the social networking sites which attract people by placing rewards on certain items and things, this make this variable a dependent variable. Moderator represents the interaction between independent variables and appropriate condition of a factor in operation (Teel,1983). Mediators:- Mediators are the variables which work between the independent variable and outcome variables. Like we talk about the entertainment value of the social networking sites it plays a mediate variable between the independent variable and the outcome variables. 4.As the model developed by Jesse after the literature survey of the social networking sites. The following hypotheses can be done:- To increase the satisfaction of the member in a particular community the basic variable needed is the informational value from which the researcher get to know about the study and concluding independently discovering the facts from the information give huge encouragement to get deep into the study of brands or anything else. With the increase in the knowledge about the particular brand the social interaction of the member increases(Garrett, 2010). This means that self-discovering of the ideas has higher value to provide satisfaction the member than just collecting the information when dependent variable social interaction and social enhancement values are considered. If we talk about the entertainment value (like playing games or listen music online) provide higher level of satisfaction to the members and further reward value helping as a moderator to make it an outcome variable. If the satisfaction of the member increase higher that it further increase his/her loyalty towards the particular brand community. These are the hypotheses which can be done by considering the Jesses conceptual model. 5.(i)According to Jesses argument, people who love some particular brands will access it from the comfort of their home by showing intentions to join that online brand community. The increase in the driving values from the online brand community will rise the eagerness of the member to join it and start participating in it. Therefore it always important to know from which values the members got drive to join the community. These values include the informational values, self discovering values, self- interaction values, self-enhancement values, entertainment values and the reward values. These values will play a role to rise the satisfaction of the member and this satisfaction will make him to join the community. Once the member got completely satisfied with it, its loyalty towards the brand community will keep on rising and shows his future intentions towards community. This is how Jessecomes into the conclusion about the online networking sites. (ii) The research details shows that there are certain values which rise the relationship between the members and the community. The entertainment provided by online communities through fun by playing games or interacting with others( Dholakia, Bogozzi and Pearo 2004) or by encountering and solving the online challenges or contests(Mckenna and Bough, 1999). This participation of members rise the entertainment value of the social networking sitesand attract other outside members to join the community. This rise the perceived value of site and increase in the satisfaction of the members. These variables increase the relationship between the member and the community. References: O'reilly, T. (2007). What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software.Communications and Strategies,65(1), 17-37. Garrett, J. J. (2010).Elements of User Experience, The: User-Centered Design for the Web and Beyond. Pearson Education. Bearden, W. O., Teel, J. E. (1983). Selected determinants of consumer satisfaction and complaint reports.Journal of marketing Research, 21-28.

Analysis of Microsoft Financial Statements free essay sample

Financial statements are frequently a key source of information for financial decisions and taking a look at Microsoft’s financial statements can help us decide certain things about the company. There are three different types of statements that will be discussed in this section. These include: the balance sheet, the income statement, and the statement of cash flows. They are discussed here in either the sense of quarterly or yearly statements and will be noted as so. All information has been derived from Yahoo Finance. (http://finance. yahoo. com) The first statement that will be analyzed for Microsoft is the balance sheet. The balance sheet is essentially a snapshot of what the firm owns (assets), what the firm owes (liabilities), and the difference between the two (equity) at a single moment in time. When we analyze a balance sheet, we must keep in mind that the values on this statement are the book values and are not necessarily what the company is worth at this exact moment in time, or the market values. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Microsoft Financial Statements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Something we can see right away is an estimate of how much net working capital Microsoft has by analyzing the quarterly data of the period ending December 31, 2011. Net working capital shows how cash that will become available fairs with the cash that must be paid over the next twelve months by taking current assets and subtracting current liabilities. For Microsoft, this is $72,513,000,000-$25,373,000,000=$47,140,000,000 and is looked upon positively for a healthy firm. The use of debt in a firm’s capital structure is called financial leverage and the more debt a firm has (as a percentage of assets), the greater the financial leverage. If we take a look at the yearly balance sheets for 2009, 2010, and 2011 for Microsoft, we can see that each year debt becomes a bigger percentage of total assets. In 2009, debt is 4. 8% of assets. In 2010, it is 5. 7%. In 2011, it is 11%. This could be viewed at in either a positive or negative light because high financial leverage can increase potential rewards to shareholders, while low financial leverage can possibly decrease the potential for financial distress and business failure. The second statement that will be analyzed is the income statement. The income statement measures performance of a company over some period of time. It shows both revenues and the subtracted expenses with the result being net income. When we take a look at the annual income statements from 2009, 2010, and 2011, we can see that net income has increased each year and this is clearly a positive trend. Also, we can look at specific categories like research development and observe that it increased from 2010 to 2011, which shows that Microsoft may be trying to expand their products and innovations. The third, and final, statement that will be analyzed is the statement of cash flows. Overall, what the cash flow statement provides is crucial to financial statement analysis and financial decisions. It illustrates the difference between the number of dollars that came in and the number that went out. The statement of cash flows provides us with a fundamental principal, which is known as the cash flow identity. It says that the cash flow from the firm’s assets is equal to the value of its liabilities plus the value of its equity. The first section of the statement of cash flows deals with the cash flows from operating activities, or the firm’s day-to-day activities of producing and selling. In Microsoft’s case, this total result has increased from 2009-2011, from $19,037,000,000 to $26,994,000,000, and this is positive because it displays the fact that they are able to cover their everyday cash outflows with their everyday cash inflows more efficiently. The next section of the statement of cash flows is the investing activities section. As we can see, total cash flow from investing has decreased from $15,770,000,000 to $14,616,000,000, from 2009 to 2011, and there may be various underlying reasons for this occurrence including more investments to improve Microsoft in several areas. The final section of the statement of cash flows is the financing section, which shows the dividends paid, the purchases of stock, the net borrowings, and other possible cash flows from financing activities. A positive trend for investors is the fact that dividends paid has increased (even though it is negative to the firm) as well as sale purchase of stock, from 2009 to 2011 and even increased quarterly in 2011. The net borrowings is off an on from 2009 to 2011 possibly because of certain funds needed in particular years. In 2009, it was $5,746,000,000 and in 2010, it was $190,000,000. It shot back up again in 2011, with $5,960,000,000. The three statements that were provided in this section provide possible investors, competitors, and even those within the company with useful information to make important decisions that could affect their livelihood or the livelihood of Microsoft. Keep in mind that even though financial statements are a solid indicator of how a company is performing, one key principle about must be known when viewing them to make decisions. They do not always provide all of the information that you may need. There are usually underlying topics that could affect the company that are not necessarily showing up on their financial statements. These topics are discussed in other sections of this report on Microsoft. We feel it important to compare Microsoft’s ratios not only to other companies and industry norms, but also to some of their own ratios from 2010 . From 2010 to 2011 Microsoft saw an increase in their current and quick ratios, which is typically good because high liquidity ratios display a greater ability to repay short term debt. Compared to Google which has a quick ratio of 5. %, Microsoft has less cash on hand. Although, it is not necessarily a good thing that Google’s liquidity ratios are so high because they have little short term debt, which indicates that Google could potentially be investing some of the excess cash to generate more revenue. Microsoft’s return on assets only decreased by one percent which articulates to investors how much profit Microsoft made on $1 worth of assets. A common return on asset ratio is 20% for software companies; Microsoft is slightly below the 20% norm, but they are close which is good. When considering a good return on assets, commonly the lower the ROA ratio the more asset-intensive a business is which simply means more money must be reinvested into the business to generate earnings. Apple’s return on assets stands at around 24% and Google’s is about 12%, which indicates that Google must make higher investments in their assets to generate profit. If Google were in the manufacturing industry this ratio would be acceptable since that is an asset intensive industry, but it is too low for the software industry. Microsoft’s return on equity ratio is possibly one of the more important ratios that investors will be concerned about. The higher a company’s return on equity, the easier it is for them to generate cash internally. Since Microsoft’s ROE increased from 41% to 42% in 2011, we feel they are in good standing in regards to this ratio. They are making significant amounts of money for their investors, which will encourage new and existing shareholders to buy new and more stock in Microsoft. This in turn allows the company fund operations. In comparison to Apple and Google which have ROE’s of 46% and 20%, Microsoft is in a good position. Again Google’s ratio is quite low for the industry trend, although compared to other industries their ROE is significant. Microsoft’s gross margin is fairly normal for the software industry. Their gross margin tells us how efficiently the company is able to use labor and supplies in production. The higher the gross margin, the more money the company has to spend on the funding of other operations. Respectively, Apple and Google have gross margins of 42% and 65%. Microsoft is most efficient in keeping a high percent of their sales revenue after labor and production costs are covered. Now we will discuss turnover ratios and the importance of these ratios to a company. Total asset turnover is an indication of how much sales are generated for every dollar worth of assets. Being that Microsoft has a total asset turnover of 70% which is down 3% from 2010, they are still efficient in using their assets to generate revenue. Correspondingly, Apple and Google have asset turnovers of 101% and 60%. Apple is generating more revenue than they are spending on assets while still maintaining a fairly high profit margin, which is very good since the two ratios tend to have an inverse relationship. Microsoft’s accounts receivable turnover compared to the other two companies indicates that it may be necessary for Microsoft to reevaluate its credit policies in order to ensure a more timely collection of funds. Their accounts receivable turnover rate is only 5. 4% for 2011 and was even lower in 2010 at 4. 8%. Apple has a strong receivables turnover of 17% and Google shows a turnover rate of 8. 5%. Apple’s very high AR turnover rate may be due to one of two things, they run mainly on a cash basis or that they are extremely efficient in collecting on their accounts. In comparison to the two other companies we selected Microsoft fixed asset turnover is 9. 1% which is lower than Apple’s (18. 7%), yet higher than Google’s (4. 4%). This ratio is an indicant of how efficient the companies are at generating net-sales from fixed assets. This ratio actually means very little to a software company, it is crucial in the manufacturing industry where large capital is required in order to generate sales revenues. A ratio that is quite important to the software industry is the turnover ratio. Microsoft could potentially have a much higher turnover ratio than it does (15. times). Most software companies have low inventory levels since software can be reproduced simply. Apple has a normal inventory turnover ratio for the software industry at about 69 times per year. What is implied if a company has a low turnover rate as Microsoft does is that they have poor sales rates and excess. Compared to Apple it is fair to say that Microsoft has sales numbers that are significantly lower, as well as a higher amount of money tied up into inventory. Microsoft has a total debt to equity ratio of 20% and Google shows only a 12. 5% total debt to equity ratio. Microsoft most likely has such a high ratio because they are financing their growth with debt as opposed to assets. Microsoft is likely to generate more earnings this way than they could have by using more outside financing. However, it is possible that the cost of financing this debt may outweigh the return that the company generates, which will make the debt hard for the company to manage. Every company is different and financial professionals must find the balance that best suits their company. The debt to equity ratio is considered good for the software industry so long as the company keeps the percent below 50%, which Microsoft has done.

The Great Gatsby - symolism

The Great Gatsby - symolism There is much color symbolism in this novel, but there are two main colors that stand out more than the others. The colors green and white influence the story greatly. Green shows many thoughts, ideas, attitudes, and choices that Gatsby has throughout the story. White represents the stereotypical faÂÆ'Â §ade that every character is hiding behind.The color green, as it is used in the novel, symbolizes different choices the character, Gatsby, can make during his life. The green element in this novel is taken from the green light at the end of the dock near Daisy's house. The color itself represents serenity, as in everything is perfect. This warns Gatsby that he should not pursue his dream for getting Daisy back, because his chance has passed and everything is as it should be. This is shown with Nick's insight, "...His dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it.The Great Gatsby (1974 film)He did not know that it was already behind him... (Pg.189)"Another sy mbolization of the color green, which contradicts the first, is the meaning "go." As in a traffic light signal, most people associate green with the word and action "go." This can be interpreted as meaning Gatsby should go for his dream without hesitation. It implies that Gatsby and Daisy are meant to be together and nothing should stop Gatsby from his destined happiness and love with Daisy. It inspires hope for Gatsby that he is on the right path, heading towards the best years of his life. He believes that things will soon be as they once were, only better. ""I'm going to fix everything just the way they were before," he said nodding determinedly. "She'll see."(Pg. 117.)"The last symbolization the color green has in this novel is an urge to strive...

A Rhetorical Analysis of James Ladsen and Joseph Epstein Essay

A Rhetorical Analysis of James Ladsen and Joseph Epstein - Essay Example The essay "A Rhetorical Analysis of James Ladsen and Joseph Epstein" talks about the hubris that can be defined as tempting to face, or otherwise thumbing one’s nose at that which is already predetermined. This ancient Greek term for insolence and arrogance to fate plays a powerful role with respect to the way how current culture is defined and practiced. Essentially, the culture that exists within the United States, and to a large part around the globe as a result of globalization, can be understood as one that places a fundamental level of importance on maintaining youth and vitality; even at ages in which these are all but an unrealistic hope. Accordingly, the following analysis will seek to engage the reader with a rhetorical response to Ladsen’s â€Å"The Natural Order† as it relates to the idea of hubris. Likewise, this rhetorical response will be compared and contrasted with Joseph Epstein’s essay â€Å"Perpetual Adolescence†. Through such a level of analysis, it is the hope of this author that the reader will come to gain a more valuable and nuanced interpretation of why our current culture is so fixated on the idea of perpetual youthfulness; and whether or not this is a positive or negative attribute. Firstly, in terms of Ladsen’s story, entitled â€Å"The Natural Order†, the author represents the internal and external dialogue that is taking place between a middle-aged married man and one of his longtime best friends. The middle-aged married man is indicative of what might be termed as a â€Å"conservative†.

Article critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article critique - Essay Example Paragraphs are used to structure the arguments and to give a sequence to each point made. The language is quite concise and simple to understand. Not all important terms have been clearly defined. There is some assumption on the part of the author that the reader of the text is already familiar with the subject of Islamic tradition and culture to some extent. For example, terms such as ‘Sharia law’ and Gallup poll’ are not clearly explained but are used within the text. These terms are quite specific and require elaboration for those unfamiliar with such terminology. There is sufficient evidence for the arguments. Each point is very well backed up by reference to existing laws, literature, examples, quotations and arguments for powerful individuals in the field and supporting evidence of all kinds. Yes the arguments support the main point as they are highly relevant to the subject matter. By arguing and highlighting various differences in Muslim men’s and women’s rights under Islamic law and offering examples, this supports the overall claim that there is an injustice in this area which needs to be addressed. The text is appropriate for the intended audience for the most part. It offers a basic summary of the issue with some background and historical and political context and it is explained in a clear and structured way. However, there is room for improvement in that some terms should be more clearly explained. To an extent, the text helps me to understand the subject. It gives a background and societal context to the argument which is very helpful and it offers case studies and examples to highlight the points. In this way, it is quite simple to comprehend. One particular sentence evoked a strong response from me; â€Å"In the United States, many Muslim girls and women choose to wear hijab†. I found this sentence to be very surprising. The author states this sentence in the first paragraph immediately after

Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy Essay

Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy Essay In order to survive in the business world, business units today are forced to innovate and launch the products immediately in the market. But this is easier said than done. Numerous factors come into the picture for this to materialise. Notably among them is the fact that too much cost factor which comes into the picture. For the product launching is well planned and thought off activity. The activities include conducting market surveys which in plain sense means that the business units are required to conduct or determine the feasibility of the new product within a limited area and then based on the results they take further course of action i.e. go ahead with the launch of the product or to drop the project altogether. In other words, business units conduct sample surveys i.e. obtaining the response on a small piece of the larger picture and then based on the results of the small piece, estimate the likely response on the larger piece of the picture. The small piece is known as the sample and the larger piece is known as the population. Thus the concept of sample and population plays a vital role and assists the management in taking core decisions which may or not prove fruitful in the survival of the business. In order, to take decisions based on the sample and to estimate the population parameters business units are required to start with some of the assumptions or the hypothesis. And, based on assumptions or hypothesis about the population it is tested meaning that whatever the assumption that they started with, whether the assumption was correct or incorrect. Thus we have hypothesis testing. Let us take an example to illustrate what has been said above. Suppose, the business units want to bring in a new product in the market which will increase the market share and hence the profitability of the business unit. In this case, the hypothesis would be introduction of new product will increase the profitability and based on this the survey would be conducted. The results of analysis of the data will reveal whether the hypothesis was correct or incorrect. This unit will cover the basics of hypothesis and its testing; the steps required to test the hypothesis. This unit will also cover the types and characteristics of hypothesis and the like. Objectives After studying this unit, the reader will be able to: Understand the basic concepts of hypothesis Understand the various types and the characteristics of hypothesis Understand the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis Understand the two tailed and the one tailed tests involved in the testing of hypothesis Understand the criterion when to accept or when to reject the hypothesis Understand the manner in which decisions are to be taken on the basis of the results arrived during the process of testing of hypothesis 6.2 Defining Hypothesis In order to discuss the basics of hypothesis testing in detail let us now, define what is meant by hypothesis. Simply speaking, hypothesis is a unit of the inferential statistics (i.e. the branch of statistics which is used to infer information on the collected data) which is used to test a claim about the larger portion (which is called population) based on the data collected from the smaller part known as sample. In other words hypothesis testing is the process of staking claim based on the values obtained from the sample. Let us take an example in order to drive home the point illustrated above. A manufacturer involved in the manufacturing of types claims that the average life of their tires will last at least 70,000 kms. We want to test the claim made by the manufacturer. The process we will adopt is to take a sample of tires, run them until they see how many kms. on average they have lasted. If the sample has lasted over 70,000 kms, then we do have the reason to believe that the claim is correct and that all the other tires they produce will also last 70,000 kms. miles. In arriving at this conclusion, we may commit the following We may incorrectly say the tires do not last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do last We may incorrectly say the tires do last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do not Thus, we may commit some errors during the process of staking the claim to the hypothesis we have formulated. This aspect will be covered in next section Self Assessment Questions True or False Managers are required to make decisions Hypothesis is an assumption about something which is taken to be true We may commit some errors in the process of testing of hypothesis 6.3 Characteristics of Hypothesis Having understood the definition of hypothesis, let us now understand the characteristics of hypothesis. The following are the characteristics of hypothesis. A hypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justified This simply means that the hypothesis we have formulated should be based on the previous research and the hypothesis should follow the most likely outcome not the exceptional outcome. For example, we should form the hypothesis regarding the launching of new product on the basis of the previous data which was analysed and which prompted us to take further steps such as market research and the like A hypothesis should provide a reasonable explanation for the outcome which is to be predicted This means that the hypothesis formulated should not focus on the unrealistic outcome i.e. the hypothesis should be based on the realistic scenario. For example, an hypothesis such as our new software will surpass the sales of the software dealer who is leading the software market or that our software will sell very well on the surface of the moon. All these are unrealistic. A hypothesis should clearly state the relationship between the variables that are defined This simply means that the hypothesis should not be vague. It should be in plain simple terms and in a language which is simple to understand. For example, the hypothesis that the MIS report will be printed somewhat in 3 to 4 minutes is ambiguous and confusing. A hypothesis defines the variables measurable terms This means that the hypothesis focus on the aspects such as who all would be affected; who are the players in the process and the like. For example, hypothesis, that the product will work correctly for 2 months for small children. A hypothesis is testable in a given or sufficient amount of time This means that the hypothesis is tested within a finite amount of time. An hypothesis which cannot be tested within the finite amount of time will never be tested nor accepted Self Assessment Questions Fill in the blanks A hypothesis is _________ in a given period of ______________ Hypothesis defines __________ in measurable terms Hypothesis should define the ________ between the variables 6.4 Types of Hypothesis Having understood the basic terminology of hypothesis let us now discuss the types of hypothesis. Though we have just scratched the types of hypothesis, let us now go deeper into the detail of types of hypothesis. Hypothesis are of various types. Some of them are discussed below Null hypothesis Alternate hypothesis Simple Hypothesis Complex hypothesis Null Hypothesis This hypothesis is formulated when the statistician believes that there is no relationship between two variables or when there is insufficient information to formulate a state a research hypothesis. It is denoted by H0 Alternate hypothesis This hypothesis is the opposite of Null hypothesis. it is formulated then the researcher believes that there is sufficient information to believe that there is relationship between the variables. It is represented as H1 or H µ Simple hypothesis This hypothesis predicts the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. Both the variables must be single variables    Complex hypothesis This hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables Examples of different types of Hypothesis Health related education programmes influence the number of people who smoke Newspapers affects peoples living standard Absenteeism in classes affects exam scores Lower levels of exercise is responsible for increase in weight Self Assessment Questions True or False Complex hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variable with two or more dependent variables Alternate hypothesis is opposite to null hypothesis 6.5 Hypothesis Testing Having understood the various types of hypothesis let us dwell on the important point of hypothesis testing. As stated above hypothesis means that we verify the claim on the larger unit based on the data and the results obtained by performing statistical tests on the data. let us now look at the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis. the following are the steps : Describe in a statement about the population characteristic for which the hypotheses is to be tested State the null hypothesis and depict as Ho State the alternative hypothesis depict it as H1 or Ha Identify and display the test statistic that will be used Identify the region of rejection region Is it on the upper, lower, or on the two-tailed test Determine the critical value that will be associated as a, the level of significance at which the test is to be conducted Compute the quantities in the test statistic State the conclusion based on the computed statistics meaning that it is now to be decided as to whether reject the null hypothesis, Ho, or accept the alternate hypothesis. The conclusion is dependent on the level of significance of the test. Figure 1 provides a graphical view of the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis Figure 1 Steps involved in the testing of hypothesis 6.6 Difference between Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis In the previous units we have understood the basics of null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, let us now discuss the difference between these types of hypothesis. the following are the differences Null hypothesis is used to describe the prediction while alternative hypothesis describes other possible outcomes. For example, if we predict A is related to B which is null hypothesis while the alternative hypothesis will be A is not related to B meaning that A can be teacher of B, A can be mentor of B and so on The alternative hypothesis can be negative but it does not necessarily mean a negation of null hypothesis but rather that it is a measure of finding out whether the null hypothesis is true or not meaning that whether it should be accepted or it should be rejected Alternative hypothesis provides an opportunity to look at other things and other possibilities where as null hypothesis provides the presence or absence of the same meaning that when we deal with null hypothesis our focus becomes restricted while in the case of alternative hypothesis our focus needs to be wider 6.7 Decision Rule Decision rules are the procedures that enable us to determine whether the findings of the observed samples are in sharp contradiction i.e. there is significant difference from the results that were expected and which will thus help us to decide whether to accept or reject hypotheses are called rules of decision or simply decision rules. Let us take an example in order to illustrate what has been said with regard to decision rule. Suppose that we toss a coin 50 times and get head 42 times and if we had the null hypothesis that the coir is fair. Now in this scenario, there is sufficient reason to believe that the coin is biased based on the output obtained although we may be wrong in this manner. In the current scenario, the observations are saying something else in comparison to our hypothesis, hence, we are in a dilemma as to accept or reject the hypothesis. Procedures , which assist us in deciding whether to accept or reject the hypothesis when there is significant difference between the observed and the stated are know an Decision Rules. Type I and Type II errors It is in situations like the above, that we may commit errors or mistakes which are classified as Type I or Type II errors. Type I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been accepted Type II error is when we accept a hypothesis when it should have been rejected From the above definitions, in both the cases a wrong decision has been made. Hence, it becomes imperative that we need to minimize the errors while making decisions. Level of Significance While testing the given hypothesis the maximum risk that we can take for Type I error is called the level of signi ¬Ã‚ cance of the test. This is denoted by Greek letter Alpha ÃŽÂ ±. It is decided before hand so that they do not influence the choice of our decisions. 6.8 Two tailed and one tailed tests In order to understand the concept of two tailed and one tailed tests, consider the following scenario. Let us have a null hypothesis H0  and an alternative hypothesis H1. We want to conduct the test and determine whether we should reject the null hypothesis in favour of alternative hypothesis. Thus, we have two different types of test which can be performed viz. One Tailed test and Two Tailed test One-tailed  test seeks to look for an increase or decrease in the parameter under consideration while two-tailed  test seeks to look for any change in the parameter We can carry out the test at any level 1%, 5% or 10% are the common levels. For example, when we perform the test at a 5% level it means that there is a 5% chance of wrongly rejecting H0 that is null hypothesis on the other hand If we perform the test at the 5% level and decide to reject the null hypothesis, we say that there is a significant evidence at 5% to suggest that the hypothesis is false. One-Tailed Test For the one tailed test we choose a critical region. In a one-tailed test, the critical region will have one part. If the sample value lies in this region, we will reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative On the other hand , if we want to look for definite decrease. Then the critical region will be to the left. Example Suppose we are given that in a  Poisson distribution  and we want to test hypothesis on the mean,  based upon a sample of observation 3. Suppose the hypotheses are: H0:  l  = 9   H1:  l   We want to test if it is reasonable for the value observed to be 3 to have been derived from Poisson distribution with having a parameter value of 9. What is the probability that the value as low as 3 has come from a Poisson distribution have the value 9? P(X  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 3) = 0.0212 (this has been obtained from Poisson table) The probability is less than 0.05, which means that there is less than a 5% chance that the value has come from a Poisson(3) distribution. The null hypothesis should be rejected in favour of the alternative at the 5% level. Two-Tailed Test In a two-tailed test, we look for either an increase or a decrease. Hence, for example, H0  might be that the mean is equal to 9 (as before). This time, however, H1  would be that the mean is not equal to 9. So, In this case, therefore, the critical region has two parts: Example Lets test the parameter p of a  Binomial distribution  at the 10% level. Suppose a coin is tossed 10 times and we get 7 heads. We want to test whether or not the coin is fair. If the coin is fair, p = 0.5 . Put this as the null hypothesis: H0: p = 0.5 H1: p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0.5 Because this is a 2-tailed test, the critical region also has two parts. Half of the critical region is to in the right and other half is in the left. So the critical region contains both the top 5% of the distribution and the bottom 5% of the distribution (as we are testing at the 10% level). If H0  is true, X ~ Bin(10, 0.5). If the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability that X is 7 or above? P(X à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 7) = 1 P(X Is this in the critical region? No- because the probability that X is at least 7 is not less than 0.05 (5%), which is what we need it to be. So there is no significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis at 10% level of significance 6.9 Procedure of Hypothesis testing Having understood the basics of hypothesis, let us now dwell on the procedure which is to be followed in the testing of hypothesis. The following are the steps that are to be followed. State null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis State the level of significance. This gives us the tabulated values Select the appropriate test Calculate the required values for the test Conduct the test Draw the conclusions 6.10 Summary A hypothesis is necessary in todays business world as the managers are required to take decisions and they need to have a starting point Hypothesis is widely used in the conduct of market surveys The concept of sample and population is widely used in the testing of hypothesis Hypothesis is a unit of inferential statistics Hypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justified Null hypothesis is formed when there is n relationship between the variables Alternative hypothesis is the reverse of null hypothesis Decisions rules provide the basis for accepting the or rejecting the hypothesis Type I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been accepted Type II error is when we accept the hypothesis when we should have rejected it 6.11 Terminal Questions What is the significance of hypothesis testing? What is meant by Type I and Type II errors? Explain with examples What is the difference between Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis? Explain the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis. 6.12 Answers Self Assessment Questions True False True Testable Time Variables Relationship True True 6.13 Suggested Reading Books Testing statistical hypothesis, Lehmann, Joseph Hypothesis testing with SPSS, Jim Mirabella Fundamentals of Statistics, Michael Sullivan Fundamentals of Statistics, S.C. Gupta Fundamentals of Statistics, Trueman Lee Kelly Introductory Probability And Statistical Applications, Meyer Fundamental of Statistics, Vol II, Goon, Gupta and Dagupta An Outline of Statistical Theory, Vol I, Goon, Gupta and Dagupta A Basic Course in Statistics, Clarke, Geoffrey and Cooke, John Wiley Sons Basic Statistics, Nagar Das Quantitative Techniques for Decision Making, Anand Sharma Statistics for economists: A beginning, John E. Floyd The Elements of Statistical Learning, Trevor Hastie, Jerome Friedman. Introduction to Statistical Thought, Michael Lavine Web Resources en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing www.slideshare.net/vikramlawand/test-of-hypothesis www.sagepub.com/upm-data/40007_Chapter8.pdf www.iasri.res.in/ebook//2/4-TEST%20OF%20HYPOTHESIS.pdf www.math.uah.edu/stat/hypothesis/index.html www.angelfire.com/wv/bwhomedir/notes/z_and_t_tests.pdf www.20bits.com/article/hypothesis-testing-the-basics www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v11n3/java/Hypothesis/ math.bu.edu/people/nkatenka/MA113/Lecture_10_Notes.pdf www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/jwlamb/Math1530/7.2rvsd.ppt 6.14 Glossary Aggregate  It is the collection of small units which results in one complete entity. For example the aggregation of the total inhabitants of towns and villages and mega cities results in the population of the country Alpha Level  The probability that the statistical test will find difference between the groups which is significant when there are none. This is also termed as the probability of making a Type I error or as the significance level of statistical test. Alternative Hypothesis  The hypothesis that states that there is some difference between two or more groups. It is the alternative to null hypothesis, which states that there is no difference among the groups. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)  A test that determines whether the means of two or more groups is significantly different. Association  It is a type of relationship between objects or variables. Average  A single value which may be mean, median or mode and represents the typical, normal, or the middle value of a given set of data. Axiom  A statement widely accepted as truth. Bell-Shaped Curve  A curve which is the characteristic of a normal distribution, which is symmetrical about the mean. The area under the normal curve is 1.0. Beta Level  It is the probability of making an error due to the result of the chance variations when in actuality they are due to the differences of the result of the experimental manipulation or intervention. It is also referred to as the probability of making a Type II error. Bias  They are the influences that contribute to the distortions of the results Categorical Data  They are also referred to as the nominal data. They are for indicative purpose only Causal Analysis  An analysis that seeks to establish the cause and effect relationships between variables. Central Tendency  A measure that describes the central characteristic of the distribution. Comparability  It is the quality of two or more entities that are to be evaluated for their similarity and differences. Confidence Interval  A range of estimated values that provides the best estimate regarding the populations values. Confidence Level  It is the percentage which represents the number of times that a confidence interval will include the true population value. Consistency  It is the process in which similar responses are demonstrated throughout the activity / event. Constant  It is the value which does not change Descriptive Statistics  It is the basic statistics that is used to describe and summarize data. Focus Group  An interview conducted with a small group of people, all at one time, to explore ideas on a particular topic. Multivariate Analysis  It is the analysis of several independent variable on the dependent variable. Mutually Exclusive  It is when the happening of an event does not disturb or alters the happening of another event. for example, in tossing of coin, the appearance of head is mutually exclusive to the appearance of tail as any one of them say head, does not allow the other to happen simultaneously. Nominal Scale  It is a scale that allows for classifying of elements into several mutually exclusive categories which are based on defined features but no numeric. They are just used for identification purposes. For example, the shirts worn by players in a football match. The number on the shirts represent the identification of the player only. Normal Curve  It is the curve, which is bell shaped in structure. It is formed when the data having normal distribution is plotted. Normal Distribution  It is the distribution that describes a frequency distribution comprising of data points which resembles a bell shape structure. The normal distribution shows important properties that are necessary for performing various statistical tests for different types of applications. Null Hypothesis  It is the hypothesis that states that there is no difference among and between the groups. It is in sharp contrast to alternative hypothesis that states that between two or more groups there is some difference Observation Unit  It is the actual unit which is subjected to observation during the course of study. 6.15 Case study Let us assume that a manufacturer of the light bulbs wants to produce bulbs with a mean life of 1000 hours If the lifetime is shorter, he/ she will lose customers to his / her competitors; if the lifetime is longer, he / she will have a very high production cost because the filaments will be excessively thick. In order to see whether the production process is working properly a sample of the output is taken to test the hypothesis A two tailed test is used because he / she does not want to deviate significantly from 1000 hours in either direction. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.

Spensers Amoretti and the Patterns of Domination and Recognition :: Spenser Amoretti Essays

Spenser's Amoretti and the Patterns of Domination and Recognition Edward Spenser's sonnet sequence, Amoretti[1], traces a lover's difficult courtship of his lady. Though he is eventually successful and they wed, the lover and lady must compromise, each giving up some of their independence and power, before they are able to love each other freely. By using Jessica Benjamin's book, The Bonds of Love, one can see the struggle for dominance and independent identity between the lover and mistress slowly evolving and resolving into a relationship of mutual recognition. Benjamin's model of dominance and recognition identifies the lover and mistress's progress as moving through various stages of domination and submission to mutual recognition, with both selves dominating and submitting at different times before reaching a state of equality. Benjamin bases her model of domination and recognition on the intersubjective theory of psychoanalysis. Intersubjectivity "maintains that the individual grows in and through the relationship to other subjects. Most important this perspective observes that the other[2] whom the self meets is also a self, a subject in his or her own right. It assumes that we are able and need to recognize that other subject as different and yet alike, as an other who is capable of sharing similar mental experiences" (20). Edna also needs recognition because that affirms her selfhood. Otto's recognition of her actions lets Edna define herself more clearly through his response to her actions (21). When Otto doesn't recognize Edna, doesn't treat her as an equal, conflict arises. Edna becomes aggressive, trying to force recognition from Otto. He, when faced with aggression, can either choose to be alone, and therefore somehow destroy Edna, or choose to become attuned to her and surrender (28). Surrender doesn't mean submission here; it means Otto recognizes Edna as an equal. From this surrender, a relationship can proceed on equal footing, with occasional imbalances in power common to relationships. If Otto chooses to destroy Edna, however, domination occurs. A self that chooses domination over surrender is generally fighting for independence. It is afraid to relinquish any independence or control.

Education And Teamwork

Is a college degree really necessary, and if so, is it worth the immense amount of debt that so many of us are in? Education importance is a subject that is up for debate, but it can be hard to deny the importance of knowledge in everyday life. One reason why education is important is that, education is about far more than the marks you receive. It's about understanding right from wrong and having the knowledge you need to stay know in today's society.It helps to develop your perspective on the world around you and pushes you to think both creatively and conceptually about many different subjects. Without education, sensory information would simply be lost. Education allows us to process the information we receive on a daily basis and make conclusions and inferences based on what we already know. Another reason why education is important is that, education helps people grow as individuals.It opens your mind to many things that you haven't been exposed to before, and classrooms allow for healthy discussion on difficult subjects. Education helps build social skills, problem solving skills, decision making skills and creative thinking skills. It introduces you to different cultures, religions and thought processes that o may never be exposed to otherwise. Education also provides a stepping stone to the real world, offering many different courses on proper financial techniques, life planning and personal development.TEAM stands for T – Together E – Everyone A – Achieves M – More† Teamwork is very important in everyday life, it teaches us what it is like to work with others, respect, and motivation. In team work you have a greater number of people working together in close proximity on the same goal. The motivation factor is going to be high especially when the team members understand each other, have a sense of healthy competition, are willing to help the others along and are big-hearted enough to take pride in each other's success es.After all, what's the fun in celebrating bayou are going to do it alone? People working in teams tend to learn more by their interactions with each other. Brainstorming sessions can help you view the same problem from different perspectives and arrive at the best possible solution. If you were working alone, it is quite possible that you would have not thought bout the different possible ways through which you could solve the problem.When you have a number of people specialized in different areas working together, it is easy to divide the tasks according the strengths and interests of each person and at the same time, keep everyone happy. If you are able to work in an area which is in task with your likes and interests, you will be able to put in your hundred percent into the job. These two things is very important in our lives and makes us who we are. No matter you like it or not you will always have education and teamwork in your life.

The Great Wall Of China - 1123 Words

â€Å"The construction [of the Great Wall] demonstrates the manifestation of the wisdom and tenacity of the Chinese people.†(cortland.edu). China is considered one of the world’s oldest civilizations with the first dynasty beginning in 221 B.C.. A famous icon of this great civilization is the Great Wall of China, or known to the Chinese as Wan Li Chang Cheng. During the Warring States period, many feudal societies built their own sections for security. Eventually the walls were connected and there was a unified China. With the wall being 13,171 miles long, it is a major feat in human history. The Great Wall of China is a reflection of chinese culture. This reflection can be identified through the Qin Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, and present China. The first dynasty, known as the Qin Dynasty, was short lived. It lasted from 221-206 B.C.. Before ascending to power, they belonged to a feudal time in Chinese history with the ruling family being the Zhou. They became a close ally to them and were able to expand territory and earn experience in warfare. Their ruthlessness in battle also helped them gain power. The Qin were the main power of the West. From this Warring States period â€Å"Ying Zheng, King of Qin, †¦ emerged victorious †¦ and proclaimed himself Shi Huangti - `first emperor - of China in 221 BCE†(ancient.eu). They ruled using legalism â€Å"under which all resources of the state were concentrated on military power†(The Land People of China). Due to uprisings from the suppressed people,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Wall Of China1196 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes modules of ________ so you can see the construction of _____ Today I am going to be presenting the Great Wall of China and what political and military reasons it was built for. The construction was a feat of great magnitude and reflected the innovations and technological advancements of the Ancient Chinese. The reason I have decided to focus upon the Ancient Chinese is because I find China a very interesting civilisation. The ancient Chinese civilisation began 7,000 to 8,000 years ago and aboutRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1266 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Wall of China James Allen World History 1st period February 1, 2015 The first unified Chinese empire was formed in 221 B.C., that was when seven states were brought together by Shi Huangdi, a conqueror from the state of Qin. Shi Huangdi means â€Å"first emperor.† Until the twentieth century all rulers of imperial China called themselves the emperor. The emperor was believed, by the people of China, to be the son of heaven, God-like. They believed that each ofRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China905 Words   |  4 Pages It has been said that the Great Wall of China is so immense that it can be seen from space with just the human eye. Unfortunately, that is simply a rumor and has been confirmed false. Nonetheless, the Great Wall of China is also the world’s longest wall and biggest piece of ancient architecture, which is still a pretty big deal. Its official length is about 13,170 miles long, more than four times the width of the United States. The wall crosses over ten provinces and cities, including QinghaiRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1641 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Wall of China is known as the largest construction project to be put in effect in all of world history. The wall, also known in China as long wall of 10,000 li, is a collection of numerous short walls extending along the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. Although it is a common misconception that the Great Wall of China is one long continuous wall, it s structural inconsistency in no way undermines its greatness. The wall has been built, destructed, rebuiltRead MoreThe Great Wall of China600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Wall of China is an assemblage of smaller walls built by various dynasties over many years. Builders erected these walls for protection from invasions by those from the north. The Great Wall itself, with a history lasting over 2000 years, measures approximately 5,500 miles in length, although some of the sections lie in ruin or have disappeared altogether. It is about 25 feet high and is 15-30 feet wide. It is the longest man-made structure in the world. In the 7th century B.C. the firstRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China2440 Words   |  10 Pagescollectively achieve the objectives. The Great Wall of China is an example of the history of the success goal of organization. Ming dynasty, Zhengtong Emperor has forced approximately 2 to 3 millions labor to build the defense wall to protect the empire and also border control that could encourage trade. With the Zhengtong Emperor led the organization of collective effort of the people, the result is 8851.8 kilometers of defense wall, with combined of previous built great wall is 21,196 kilometers, becomingRead MoreEssay on The Great Wall of China1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Wall of China is one of the greatest architectural achievements ever recorded in history. The Great Wall translates to â€Å"long fortress.† The wall was made entirely by hand. It was built to protect the Chinese from intruders from different Nomadic Tribes. The wall is about 5,500 miles long. The wall did not stretch across all of China but it stretched from Shanhaiguan in the East to Lop Nur in the West. Some people say that you can even see the wall from the moon! Wouldn’t that be somethingRead More The Great Wall of China Essay2903 Words   |  12 PagesThe Great Wall of China To the northwest and north of Beijing, a huge, serrated wall zigzags its way to the east and west along the undulating mountains. This is the Great Wall, which is said to be visible from the moon. This massive wall has not only been one of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World, but it has also been inspiration for many artists, and writers. The building of the Great Wall is one of the biggest tragedies, but through this tragedy arose triumph with the wall, being soRead MoreGreat Wall of China Essay example1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Wall of China stretches about 5,500 miles long crossing deserts, mountains, grasslands, and plateaus. It took more than 2,000 years to build this incredible manmade structure. Many people died to build this wall. It displays the changes between the agricultural and nomadic civilizations. It proves that the superb structure was very important to military defense. It became a national symbol of the Chinese as a security for their country and its p eople. The Great Wall of China must be preservedRead MoreGreat Wall of China Report Essay2063 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is truly one of the greatest architectural achievements in recorded history. The longest structure ever built, it is about 6,700 kilometers (4,163 miles) long and made entirely by hand. This wall is said to be visible from the moon. It crosses Northern China, from the East coast to Central China (Karls, 1). This massive wall is not only one of the ancient wonders of the world, but it also has been the inspiration of many writers and artists. With